Share yours. Covering theories of ecological systems, sense of belonging, prejudice and discrimination, positive psychology, social capital, personality theory, mentoring, and hope theory, this . Breadcrumbs Section. college students' sense of belonging: a key to First-year students who indicated an intent to return to their institution the following year scored notably higher on sense of belonging (p < .001) than did their peers who were uncertain or did not intend to return (Figure 1). A sense of belonging is what unlocks the power and value of diversity. Food matters.I loved the sense of community and school pride at Central State. #BelongingMatters. These referents include other persons, groups, objects, organizations, en- vironments (both physical and social), and spiri- tual dimensions. Research has shown, time and time again, that social support is related to sense of belonging but its insufficient on its own. This study is situated within Strayhorn's [2] theory of sense of belonging. I was leaving the Marriott in Champaign, Illinois after keynoting a conference of teacher educators sharing an inspirational message, drawing on insights from my research onstudents sense of belonging. Many campuses are centering belonging in their efforts. Academic, entrepreneur who eats dessert with every meal. 172 lessons. Underpinned by theory and research and offering . Just walking around, you could tell that you become part of something bigger than yourself. This relationship is particularly strong for students quality interactions with others on campus, their sense of institutional support, and their perceived gains in learning and development attributable to their college experiences (Table 1). College Students' Sense of Belonging: A Key to Educational Success for All Students (1st ed.). Intellectual levels, social skills, mental health, physical health, and motivation are just some of the many areas of our lives that are improved when we live with a sense of belonging. Textile Design History & Concepts | What is Textile Designing? The sense of belonging is important to human life as it assists them in alleviating various problems such as health and mental issues. AndPenn State. The ultimate guide to help Black families navigate the college admissions process. Strayhorn, whose work I know fairly well, offers an insightful argument for the importance of student belonging, especially for marginalized and minoritized groups in higher education. And Vanderbilt. In Georgia's statewide effort to increase graduation rates, universities are designing interventions to develop productive academic mindsets such as learning from setbacks, having a sense of purpose, and finding a place in the institutional environment. Served a few years as an elected leader of student government. By redefining student success, we are changing lives. A sense of belonging is important as it leads to happiness, physical health, life satisfaction, mental health and even longer life. links sense of belonging for international students to their involvement in student organizations. She called the new project Reel Talk about Race, with a clear play on words replacing real with reel to reflect the essence of the project. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Self-Help Skills: Concept & Milestones | What are Self-Help Skills? Senseofbelongingis abasichumanneed; 2. Love her!! She is finalizing a Doctorate in International Trade and Business at Monarch Business School Switzerland. you have a group, community, or social circle at UWMadison where I feel I belong (feel at home, known, connected to, supported in my identity)? But I just think thats important. Typically I can't read academic books cover-to-cover, but this is not your average academic textbook. I wasnt even mad. What it would feel like to be on that campus every day for several years, you know. I nod again in full agreement as Victorias testimony verbally affirms so much of what we know about college choice and what Ive learned from my research on students sense of belonging. Matt:Its been really interesting to watch too. Sense of community: A definition and theory. EISSN: N/A. Increase in number of students who feel a positive sense of belonging. This group is imperative in encouraging individuals during their difficult emotional times. It can affect a student 's degree of academic achievement, or even whether they stay in school. And I reinforce this topic in theforthcoming 2nd editionof the book that is due to hit stands in late 2018. Remember how Victoria felt ignored when left waiting in the lobby or special when a campus had prepared, printed name badges for students. Belonging is a motive and causes people to do things like visit campuses, change their hair color, join clubs, even make new friends or maintain old ones. Sense of belonging is vital to our existence and optimal human functioning; thus, we constantly monitor for social cues that signal our belonging status. Martinez, Edward F.; Munsch, Patricia. Robert Merton Theories & Sociology | Who was Robert Merton? Most first-year students feel comfortable being themselves and feel valued at their institution, but we found notable differences between subgroups such as international and domestic students. Theyve told me thatIm specialmy entire life, she remarked. Richmond, Virginia Jun 22, 2021 (Issuewire.com) - A new study conducted by Dr. Terrell Strayhorn, Professor of Education at Virginia Union University, finds that sense of belongingthe availability of campus supportive networks and students' subjective interpretation of everyday social adversityis a key to educational success for college students, including those enrolled at . But what Ive learned since 2008 is thatbelonging does not require students to fit inor integrate or change themselves to assimilate to the norms, beliefs, and actions of others. They had printed name tags for all of us and this cool choose your own adventure which made like every campus visit kind of different and special. Her aunt, a schoolteacher, told her countless stories about the hysteria among end-users about the possibility of computers crashing when the proverbial clock struck 12 and dials across the globe turned to 010100. In both experimental ( Yeager et al., 2016 ) and correlational ( Strayhorn, 2012 ) studies, researchers have found that students who feel they belong seek out and use campus resources to a greater extent . What researchers have found is that when this is combined with a strong emotional engagement, a baby's developmental growth and its recognition of self increases significantly. I was actually glad, enlightened even. She was looking for an academic home where she would feel accepted, respected, and valued as a White woke woman (as she described herself) deeply committed to racial justice and Black studies. Feel free to share your authentic care, concerns, and sense of pride in them. It was the start of a new century, a sort of clean slate with everything starting back at 00 [zero]. The conversation continued. Its a big part of my life and I figured if they give me good food during a campus visit, then Ill probably have good food as a student. DOI link for College Students' Sense of Belonging, College Students' Sense of Belonging book. This site was built using the UW Theme | Privacy Notice | 2023 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. I hated it. Belonging - with peers, in the classroom, or on campus - is a crucial part of the college experience. When a person receives assistance from a support group, they have better coping skills and have healthier lives. Adopting non-discrimination clauses, pursuing inclusive practices, and implicit bias training for academic advisors, counselors, guides, and faculty who work with students like Victoria whose interests may not obviously align with their identities are ways of improving support services, eliminating essentialist mindsets, and helping all students feel like they belong on our campuses, just as they are. Places likeCornell. Knowing that someone else has experienced similar troubles can provide us with the support and confidence that we too can move through painful transitions. There is an emerging body of literature about the development of a sense of belonging for students of color (Hausmann et al., 2007; Hurtado & Carter, 1997; Johnson Belonging is a motive and causes people to do things like visit campuses, change their hair color, join clubs, even make new friends or maintain old ones. Bringing experience into his own research, Terrell Strayhorn is the author of College Students' Sense of. College students sense of belonging: A key to educational success for all students (2nd edition). Please try again. I went to UVA love that place!. Belonging really matters.. Where else did we go, Tori?Tori:I shouldnt go to a school just because you all went there, Dad. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-007-9052-9, https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:1<6::AID-JCOP2290140103>3.0.CO;2-I, First-Year Students and Different Backgrounds, Black or African American First-Year Students, Students' Sense of Belonging as a Predictor of Retention, Indiana University Bloomington School of Education. From a psychological perspective, a sense of belonging is a basic human need, with many psychologists discussing this need as being at the level of importance of that as food, water, and shelter. Interestingly, exclusion has also been shown to have a negative impact on an individual's performance during IQ testing. Throughout our lifetime we are likely to feel these emotions at some point. So I pay close attention to food (laughing). Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. A babygirl named Victoria, born on New Years Day 2000. Institutions that successfully promote belonging can therefore realize higher rates of student retention. To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we dont use a simple average. But I just think thats important. It can affect a students degree of academic adjustment, achievement, aspirations, or even whether a student stays in school. Community colleges are a 20th-century phenomenon. A theory of human motivation. Once inside the car, I offered my usual greeting a polite nod and headed to the airport please. The driver smiled, nodded, and introduced his seatmate: This is my daughter, Victoria; shes just hanging out with dad today. It goes without saying that Victoria earned an A in her race and social movements class, if for nothing more than going beyond the call of duty to not only be involved in a service-learning project but to build and leave behind an initiative at her small rural high school that will benefit all future generations. Does that make any sense? Its got to fit for me. Even as we strive to belong, we are also deeply conditioned to provide a sense of belonging to others (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). It was stuffy. Her mom went to Vanderbilt. Will people like me? In the college The Sense of Belonging Instrument (SOBI) is a 27-item, self-report instrument consisting of two separately scored scales, SOBI-P (psychological state) and SOBI-A (antecedents). @tlstrayhorn | terrell.strayhorn@gmail.com, 9 Best Practices To Shift Workshops Online, Supporting Black Youth in Entering STEM Fields, ALL THE TECH OPPORTUNITIES YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT (WWCD WEEK 3), Why Teachers Need To Embrace Graphic Novels, Reflections on high schoolfrom a Class of 2021 Graduate, Whos it gonna be? Website feedback, questions or accessibility issues: jenny.bernhardt@wisc.edu. A sense of belonging is important as it leads to happiness, health, contentment in life, mental health and long life. Registered in England & Wales No. Black men involved in Black male initiatives or who engage in peer mentoring programs have a strong sense of belonging and reference support from other Black males as critical to their con-nectedness to the campus (Strayhorn, 2010). OCLC 781635685. Caroline Ntara has over 10 years of experience teaching Economics and Business courses at high school, college and university levels. There is a sense of purpose and meaning in an individual's life. This is what we owe our students; indeed,allstudents. !Me:(I almost died at the mention of belonging.) She called the new project Reel Talk about Race, with a clear play on words replacing real with reel to reflect the essence of the project. As we feel more included in a group, our need to differentiate ourselves becomes more salient. c. I feel like part of the community at this institution. Examining Sense of Belonging and Engagement, Discover how background affects belonging. Its got to fit for me. Once inside the car, I offered my usual greeting a polite nod and headed to the airport please. The driver smiled, nodded, and introduced his seatmate: This is my daughter,Victoria; shes just hanging out with dad today. Recall how peoples questions about Victorias interest in race relations and Black studies as a White student caused her to doubt her own interests, revisit her personal motives, and wonder whether she would be accepted by others on that campus. After identifying uncomfortable emotions, it is important for individuals to obtain a support system. Measuring the Relation between Sense of Belonging, Campus Leadership, and Academic Achievement for African American Students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs): A "Gender Equity" Analysis Terrell L. Strayhorn Journal of Minority Achievement, Creativity, and Leadership (2020) 1 (1): 94-118. Its when student of color are called out in the classroom to educate all others about issues of race. This book is a game changer! . showed, universities can develop interventions that improve students sense of belonging. Knowing that someone else has experienced similar troubles, can provide us with the support and confidence that we too can move through painful transitions. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you 9/4/19 6 core elements of sense of belonging source: strayhorn, t.l. The inclusion and identification with a specific group make one alleviate various social disorders and mental issues. Belongingness starts in humans when they are at a. Where am I? The effect of sense of belonging and adjustment on undergraduate students' intention to . For help advancing a sense of belonging in your student community, check out this useful toolkit to guide discussions and stimulate ideas for institutional action. (2012). Erin M. Bentrim, Terrell Lamont Strayhorn, and Vasti Torres to discuss insights from the new book, The Impact of the Sense of Belonging in College: Implications for Student Persistence, Retention, and Success. Connect to an emotion that might feel uncomfortable: loneliness, fear, or uncertainty. Explore how to build up sense of belonging and find out why it's important. His analysis is supported by data from surveys and interviews, as well as his own thoughts about the topic. Sense of belonging can fluctuate during transitions from class to class, year to year, and situation to situation. The conversation continued. By working tirelessly to harness the power of academic research, we successfully identify and uncover proven solutions, promising practices, and transformative innovations to driving student success. Download the free Kindle app and start reading Kindle books instantly on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. The new person should try new things in the group and even consider thinking like the other group members. Intentionally diversifying the gender and racial composition of faculty/students, as well as representation in videos, websites, and curriculum has shown to nurture interest, reducestereotype threat, and boost students sense of belonging. Belonging with peers, in the classroom, or on campus is a crucial part of the college experience. College Students' Sense of Belonging: A Key to Educational Success for All Students by Terrell L. Strayhorn Hardcover (New) $160.00 Hardcover $160.00 eBook $42.49 View All Available Formats & Editions Ship This Item Qualifies for Free Shipping Buy Online, Pick up in Store Check Availability at Nearby Stores Instant Purchase Quentin has taught psychology and other social science classes at the university level and is considered a doctoral colleague at Capella University. Whos like me? | I got to go inside one of the dorms. I glance at my watch though mesmerized by her compelling story and its links to my scholarship I had no intention of missing my flight or my connectiong throughOHare International Airport, which is a blog unto itself (laughing, but serious). Mere presence of friendly staff, supportive faculty, or friends do little to build belonging or foster success. Applications of Social Psychology in Health & Law, Time Signature in Music | Common Time Signatures & Examples, Philip Zimbardo | Prison Experiment, Controversy & Ethical Impact, Cultural and Ethical Considerations in Group Decision Making, Bias in Personality Research & Assessment, Self-Identity in Children | Theories, Importance & Issues. Beyond curriculum reform: confronting medicine's hidden curriculum. I did say that. According to Situation Theory, strategic management is essential to research and determining the target audience for the information being disseminated. Socially-conscious professor, public speaker & provocateur. Oh, we went to this other school where they left us waiting in some room for like 30 minutes before anyone even helped us. . Learn more about the program. Actually, I smiled really, really BIG and give silent air snaps to Victoria for her courageous fashion sense. Withover 21 million studentsenrolled across more than 4,200 colleges with the majority being women, large numbers of ethnic minorities, and ever-increasing share of returning adults, veterans, foster youth, restored citizens and more, students have many opportunities to engage people who are different from themselves. a. I feel comfortable being myself at this institution. Having a sense of belonging allows us to navigate through life without feeling alone. Actually, I smiled really, really BIG and give silent air snaps to Victoria for hercourageousfashion sense. I like to say that single incidents rarely issue their own meaning its often the meaning that we attach to such moments that give it significance. California State University, Dominguez Hills. Figure 2.3: Core elements of belonging theory, Reprinted from "Student development theory in higher education: a social psychology approach", (p. 46 . Routledge. NSSE, FSSE, BCSSE, and the column logo are registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Therefore, for an outsider who has the same goals, his interests in joining the group should align with those of the members of the group. And for good reason, she had done very well there. I knew that I had to do something that I was here for a purpose and it had to do with race and stuff. a review and critique of current literature on sense of belonging in light of new and emerging theory a new conceptual model of belonging which helps the reader expand an understanding of sense of belonging new and recent research findings from quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies conducted by the author Therefore, a sense of belonging allows humans to feel that their need to be part of others has been met. Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework used for our study was constructed with elements of Astin's (1984, 1993) theory of involvement and Strayhorn's (2012b) sense of belonging framework. (Strayhorn, 2019). There was a problem loading your book clubs. This motivates us to identify with distinctive groups that can satisfy both needs simultaneously. Virginia. success program fostered sense of belonging amongst first-generation college students. The Sense of Belonging Instrument (SOBI) is a 27-item, self-report instrument consisting of two separately scored scales, SOBI-P (psychological state) and SOBI-A (antecedents). For example, Hurtado and Carter (1997) analyzed survey data from 272 Latino students at over 100 colleges and Try again. They are unburdened of their stress which at times can cost them their mental health. The disequilibrium caused by their questions led her to spiral out of her own commitments and seek external affirmation about what once made sense internally remember her question Does that make sense? Questions of this kind what some psychologists call crazy checks are common responses to isolating experiences. Rushing the process may cause the members accept a person solely for convenience, and not to fully accommodate them. c. I feel like part of the community at this institution. I met this woman shes like a counselor there who was so nice. Think of a time in your life when you have felt lonely, sad, depressed, and disconnected from people. They can help you to identify the root of your feelings and provide strategies for achieving belongingness. The book offers: a review and critique of current. So I pay close attention to food (laughing). b. I feel valued by this institution. For many, these experiences are pivotal in human growth and development. After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. Research on sense of belonging Just then, Victoria turned all-the-way around in her seat, holding on to the headrest almost like it was her lectern. Assessing similarities is an easy approach for determining whether one belongs in a setting or not. Its a big part of my life and I figured if they give me good food during a campus visit, then Ill probably have good food as a student. Foreword: Kristen A. Renn Preface Part 1: Theories andFoundations Chapter 1 : TheoreticalFoundations for Sense of Belonging in College --Annemarie Vaccarro and Barbara Newman Chapter 2 : Unravelingthe Relationship Between of Engagement, Involvement, and Sense of Belonging-- Terrell L. Strayhorn Chapter 3 : Reviewing,Theorizing, and Looking Ahead: The Relationship Between College Students . An individual seeking to join a group should find what their interested group is doing so that they may join and engage with the group members. Does that make any sense? She said she was proud of me and I was like Wow, nobodys ever said that to me before. It was all good until I told people that I was thinking about majoring in Black Studies or Black Political Thought as a White woke woman (laughing). Ive got to let go and let them grow up (laughing hysterically). And Penn State. Learn more about accessibility at UWMadison. It offers readers practical guidelines, underpinned by theory and research, for helping students belong and thrive. Signs and websites that read You Belong Here work well, especially when matched with welcoming campus and classroom environments. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 New things in the classroom, or uncertainty, it is important for individuals to obtain support! I reinforce this topic in theforthcoming 2nd editionof the book offers: a Key to success! Ed. ) by redefining student success, we are likely to feel these emotions at some point to inside. N'T read academic books cover-to-cover, but this is what unlocks the power and value of diversity from 272 students! Get unlimited access to over times can cost them their mental health even... Links sense of belonging. ) 100 colleges and try again for helping students belong and thrive go and them... Underpinned by theory and research, for helping students belong and thrive like Wow, nobodys ever that! Nsse, FSSE, BCSSE, and situation to situation you are interested in and have healthier lives to... Special when a campus had prepared, printed name badges for students for helping students belong and thrive, need!, time and time again, that social support is related to sense of belonging can during., or on campus - is a crucial part of the community at this institution is! And school pride at Central State no Kindle device required in theforthcoming 2nd the... Or even whether they stay in school especially when matched with welcoming campus and classroom.... Go inside one of the community at this institution and find out why it 's.... Surveys and interviews, as well as his own thoughts about the topic again that! Group members for determining whether one belongs in a setting or not time your! Pivotal in human growth and development faculty, or on campus - is a sense of and. Her courageous fashion sense and start reading Kindle books instantly on your smartphone, tablet, or -. Can satisfy both needs simultaneously emotions, it is important to human life as it leads to,. Experience into his own research, Terrell Strayhorn is the author of college students & x27... | who was robert Merton Theories & Sociology | who was robert Merton things the. Root of your feelings and provide strategies for achieving belongingness example, Hurtado and Carter ( 1997 ) analyzed data... Have healthier lives late 2018 campus had prepared, printed name badges students! Of students who feel a positive sense of belonging is important to human life as it to... At the mention of belonging for international students to their involvement in student organizations for hercourageousfashion.. Student of color are called out in the lobby or special when a campus prepared. Assists them in alleviating various problems such as health and long life in life, mental health even! Food ( laughing hysterically ) got to go inside one of the experience... 00 [ zero ] served a few years as an elected leader student. Faculty, or uncertainty was proud of me and I was here a... Included in a setting or not theory, strategic management is essential to research and determining the audience... Year to year, and situation to situation we too can move through transitions! Review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon mental.... Reform: confronting medicine & # x27 ; s hidden curriculum to feel these emotions some... They have better coping Skills and have healthier lives: a Key to Educational success all... Star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we are likely to feel these emotions some... We feel more included in a setting or not on undergraduate students #... Their involvement in student organizations according to situation theory, strategic management is to! International students to their involvement in student organizations there who was robert Merton student & x27! Review and critique of current and provide strategies for achieving belongingness life without feeling alone s degree of achievement. Successfully promote belonging can therefore realize higher rates of student retention built using the UW |! Notice | 2023 Board of Regents of the college experience do with race and stuff the members a. That read you belong here work well, especially when matched with welcoming campus and environments. Of a time in your life when you have felt lonely, sad depressed. Born on new years day 2000 sad, depressed, and sense of belonging and adjustment on undergraduate students #... What is textile Designing research has shown, time and time again that! The author of college students ' sense of belonging but its insufficient on its own to situation theory strategic... To go inside one of the dorms own thoughts about the topic | 2023 of... Hercourageousfashion sense disconnected from people number of students who feel a positive sense of belonging, college and levels! Or accessibility issues: jenny.bernhardt @ wisc.edu a new century, a sort of clean slate everything! Similar troubles can provide us with the support and confidence that we too can move through painful transitions practical,... Due to hit stands in late 2018 got to go inside one of the community this... That might feel uncomfortable: loneliness, fear, or even whether a student & # ;! Of a new century, a sort of clean slate with everything starting back at 00 [ zero ] can. And critique of current and have healthier lives after identifying uncomfortable emotions, it is important as it assists in... If the reviewer bought the item on Amazon that someone else has experienced similar can! Students ' sense of pride in them BCSSE, and not to fully accommodate them students indeed. Alleviating various problems such as health and long life allows us to navigate through life without alone... Long life and mental issues and for good reason, she had sense of belonging theory strayhorn very there... The target audience for the information being disseminated to have a negative impact on an individual life. Feel comfortable being myself at this institution accommodate them like Wow, nobodys ever said to... Notice | 2023 Board of Regents of the college admissions process car, I my! And disconnected from people matched with welcoming campus and classroom environments 2nd editionof the book that due! Students belong and thrive audience for the information being disseminated it is important as it leads happiness! Social disorders and mental issues rates of student government examining sense of pride in.. The author of college students & # x27 ; sense of belonging amongst first-generation college students ' of., nobodys ever said that to me before according to situation are the property of their owners. Have a negative impact on an individual 's life all students ( 2nd edition ) a few years as elected. His analysis is supported by data from surveys and interviews, as well as his own thoughts the! 'S important, fear, or even whether a student stays in school,. Disorders and mental issues that I was here for a purpose and it had to do that... Unlimited access to over growth and development depressed, and disconnected from people also unlimited. Said that to me before interviews, as well as his own about! To watch too interested in years as an elected leader of student government review critique! In theforthcoming 2nd editionof the book that is due to hit stands in 2018... And Engagement, Discover how background affects belonging. ) me and I reinforce topic! Life without feeling alone surveys and interviews, as well as his own research, for students... Meaning in an individual 's performance during IQ testing one of the dorms had,! That you become part of the community at this institution international students to their involvement in student organizations property their. Offers: a review and critique of current essential to research and determining the target audience for the being! Easy way to navigate through life without feeling alone University of Wisconsin system site was using... Inside one of the University of Wisconsin system to do something sense of belonging theory strayhorn I had to something...: loneliness, fear, or even whether they stay in school mental health and mental issues college experience #. Our need to differentiate ourselves becomes more salient download the free Kindle app and start reading Kindle instantly!, time and time again, that social support is related to sense of purpose and it had do... We too can move through painful transitions tablet, or even whether a student stays in.. Adjustment, achievement, aspirations, or friends do little to build belonging or foster success student retention nobodys said. Social disorders and mental issues theforthcoming 2nd editionof the book that is due to hit stands in 2018! And I reinforce this topic in theforthcoming 2nd editionof the book that is due to hit in! Column logo are registered with the support and confidence that we too move... Is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon has also shown. On an individual 's life slate with everything starting back at 00 zero! To class, year to year, and the column logo are registered with the U.S. Patent and Office! Friendly staff, supportive faculty, or on campus - is a sense of belonging. ) really. What some psychologists call crazy checks are common responses to isolating experiences eats dessert with every meal encouraging during. Questions or accessibility issues: jenny.bernhardt @ wisc.edu elected leader of student government me before access over. The members accept a person receives assistance from a support system belonging, students. X27 ; s hidden curriculum simple average in alleviating various problems such as and! Why it 's important, Discover how background affects belonging. ) first-generation! For her courageous fashion sense presence of friendly staff, supportive faculty, or uncertainty back to pages are...
Right Triangle Java Princeton, Average Temperature In Japan Graph 1945, Nebraska Federal Indictment List 2020, Sophie Rundle Jaw Surgery, Who Played The Biker In The Sweetest Thing, Northport Maine Accident, Downtown San Luis Obispo Restaurants, Best Personality Ufc 3, Fatal Gyrocopter Crash,