11 Who started Nalanda University? In September 2014, the University opened its doors for the first batch of students, a historic development after a gap nearly eight hundred years! A bill proposing the revival of 1,600-year-old Nalanda was passed in Indian Parliament in 2010. The burning of the library continued for several months and smoke from the burning manuscripts hunglike a dark pall over the low hills.. A trove of sculptures, coins, seals, and inscriptions have also been discovered in the ruins, many of which are on display in the Nalanda Archaeological Museum, situated nearby. Constructed during the rule of Kumargupta of the Gupta dynasty. Between 606-647 CE. The lives of all these virtuous men were naturally governed by habits of the most solemn and strictest kind. He was also called Shakraditya. At the fourth EA Summit held in October 2009, at Hua Hin, Thailand, more members affirmed the merit of establishing the Nalanda University and encouraged the idea of regional networking and collaboration between the University and existing centers of excellence in East Asia. [59], Unlike Xuanzang, who also described the geography and culture of seventh-century India, Yijing's account primarily concentrates on the practice of Buddhism in India and detailed descriptions of the customs, rules, and regulations of the monks at the monastery. [154] Temple 2 was to the east. Harsha himself granted 100 villages and directed 200 households from each of these villages to supply the institution's monks with requisite daily supplies such as of rice, butter, and milk. The subjects taught in the university covered every field of learning. The next seven seasons of archaeological excavations through 1928 were led by Page. That link was established by Major Markham Kittoe in 1847. Besides Theology and Philosophy, frequent debates and discussions necessitated competence in Logic. However, there is no evidence for the existence of such a king (or sultan), minister, Muslim robbers, thousands of Buddhist monuments built in India between the 13th and 19th century, or of any significant Nalanda repairs in or after the 13th century. Eventually, in opposition to the universitys ideological inclination towards tantric doctrines and magic rites of Mahayana Buddhism, several competing mahaviharas cropped up in the area. Of these, approximately 1000 were able to explain 20 collections of sutras and shastras, 500 were able to explain 30 collections, and only 10 teachers were able to explain 50 collections. At its peak, in the 7th century AD, Nalanda held some 10,000 students and 2000 teachers when it was visited by the Chinese scholar Xuanzang. Xuanzang returned to China with 657 Sanskrit texts and 150 relics carried by 20 horses in 520 cases. [133] Buddhist texts were most likely divided into three classes based on the Tripitaka's three main divisions: the Vinaya, Sutra, and the Abhidhamma. They had to be well-versed in religious and philosophical Hindu and Buddhist texts. Nalanda was an ancient Buddhist University for higher education which is located about 89 km away from Patna in the state of Bihar, India. Elverskog, relying on Arthur Waley's 1932 paper, states that this is confirmed by the fact a monk ordained in 13th-century Nalanda traveled to the court of Khubilai Khan. This Srivijayan king, "attracted by the manifold excellences of Nalanda" had built a monastery there and had requested Devapala to grant the revenue of five villages for its upkeep, a request which was granted. [3] Systematic excavation of the ruins by the ASI did not begin until 1915 and ended in 1937. He also wrote a travelogue, which inspired other Chinese and Korean Buddhists to visit India over the centuries; in it he mentions many Buddhist monasteries and monuments across India. An enormous image of the Buddha was discovered here. Nalanda University accepted students of reaching nationalities, including from neighboring regions such as Korea, Japan, China, Indonesia, and even farther countries like Iran, Greece, Mongolia. The bond between a teacher and their pupil was sacred. [36] The tradition of formalized Vedic learning "helped to inspire the formation of large teachings centres," such as Nalanda, Taxila, and Vikramashila. This influential university was founded and supported by the Maitraka Dynasty. It was founded by the Gupta ruler, Kumaragupta-I in about 427 BC and it was later supported by the Buddhist emperors Harshabardhana and Pala Emperors. Learning served as dual proposes: knowledge and practice. Almost simultaneously, the Singapore government presented the Nalanda Proposal to the Government of India If there was a difference of opinion on a certain issue, they would give reason to convince (the other group). Being established in 1951 the university began its first academic session in 2014. [147], Traditional sources state that Nalanda was visited by both Mahavira and the Buddha in c. 6th and 5th century BCE. It is remarkable, states Scharfe, that "many donors were not Buddhists; the emblems on their seals show Lakshmi, Ganesha, Shivalinga and Durga". According to his account, the Turushka-Qarluq (Turk) conquest extended from about 1193 to 1205, the destruction was systematic with "Turushka soldiers razing a monastery to the ground and throwing the stones into Ganges river", states Roerich. Given the hundreds of years of gap between the events and Taranatha's account, and no clear chain of sources within the Tibetan tradition of record keeping, its reliability is questionable. Nalanda University Nalanda University was also patronised by other rulers like the Pala rulers from 8th Century C.E - 12th Century C.E. He translated 74 of the texts himself. [76], While the Palas continued to patronize Nalanda liberally, the fame and influence of Nalanda helped the Palas. Chapter 10 of Dharmasvamin's biography describes Nalanda in c. 1235 CE. [171], Sculpted stucco panels on a tower, Stupa of Sariputta, Stucco Buddha Image at Nalanda, Stupa of Sariputta, People on second story of an excavated monastery, Monastery 4 with well and stepped platform, A post-8th century bronze statue of Buddha from Nalanda, Details on one of numerous votive stupas at the site. It could have been one of several monasteries near Nalanda. Sear ch. [50][56], In the thirty years following Xuanzang's return, no fewer than eleven travellers from China and Korea are known to have visited Nalanda,[57] including the monk Yijing. However, several students and faculty have dropped out because it is situated on the rural outskirts of Rajgir, disconnected by two hours from the capital city of Patna. century, via the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, The historical narrative, propagated by the colonial historians, recounts that the decline of Nalanda University was caused by a petty plunderer, overzealous in forwarding Islamic interests in the Indian subcontinent. [37], Xuanzang himself studied a number of these subjects at Nalanda under Shilabhadra and others. Despite the perils, some had re-gathered and resumed the scholastic activities in Nalanda, but at a vastly smaller scale and with donations from a wealthy Brahmin layperson named Jayadeva. On 25 November 2010, the Indian government, through an Act of Parliament, 'resurrected' the ancient university through the Nalanda University Bill, with which they chose to create a new and unrelated Nalanda University relatively nearby. Tibetans continued to visit Magadha during the Pala era, and beyond through the 14th century, thereby participated in the crucible of ideas at Nalanda and other monasteries in Bihar and Bengal. Download. [47] Their armies, asserts Taranatha, destroyed Odantapuri as well as Vikramashila. There was not a commercial value associated with the sanctity of knowledge. The plan was to open seven graduate and postgraduate world-class research universities by 2020. BA History and Anthropology (in-progress), Nalanda University: An Ancient Indian Ivy-League Institution, 7 Ancient Indian Inventions That Will Surprise You, Heres How Ancient Indian Civilization Survived For Over 5000 Years, The Epic Tale of the Trojan War Described in 15 Artworks, The Toys of Dionysus and Their Religious Significance, Anonymous Literature: Mysteries Behind Authorship. [37], In the Indian tradition and texts, kings were called by many epithets and names. The institute had higher educational standards than todays American Ivy League colleges. [88], The Tibetan records are the second source of the events at Nalanda in the late 12th century and much of the 13th century. The monks at the university practiced a set of Buddhist customs, rituals, and traditions to honor Lord Buddha. A number of 9th-century metallic statues containing references to Devapala have been found in its ruins as well as two notable inscriptions. On 14th September 2014, Nalanda University officially opened its doors again for learning. In Tabaqat-i-Nasiri, Minaj-i-Siraj describes the burning of 9 million scripts and the campus building of Nalanda: Thousands of monks were burned alive and thousands beheaded as Khilji tried his best to uproot Buddhism. In his chronicle, Yijing notes that revenues from 200 villages (as opposed to 100 in Xuanzang's time) had been assigned toward the maintenance of Nalanda. [132][pageneeded] The Nalanda library must have had a classification scheme which was possibly based on a text classification scheme developed by the Sanskrit linguist, Panini. himself compared the dedication level of the teacher to the love a father has for his son. It was founded by Kumaragupta I during the Gupta period. [12] [13] Over some 750 years, its faculty included some of the most revered scholars of Mahayana Buddhism. [33], When Faxian, a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim monk, visited the city of Nalanda, there probably was no university yet. The decorative art on the towers, depicting figures of Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, and characters from Jataka tales, can be dated back to the Gupta dynasty. Answer: [B] Kumargupta I Notes: Some archaeological sources identify a monarch called Shakraditya as founder of Nalanda university. Nalanda stands out as the most ancient university of the Indian Subcontinent. Mahayana monks Asnaga and Vasubandhu said to have found Nalanda in 400-500AD. [168] It is also an important stop on the Buddhist tourism circuit. Hundreds of other archaeological shreds of evidence were dug up near Nalanda: clay seals, terracotta ornaments, and metal figurines of Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist icons. [46], In accordance with the ancient Indian traditions of supporting temples and monasteries, inscriptions found at Nalanda suggest that it received gifts, including grants of villages by kings to support its work. . With the exception of those designated 1A and 1B, the monasteries all face west with drains emptying out in the east and staircases positioned in the south-west corner of the buildings. The professors of the University were called panditas. The observatories seem to be lost in the vapours (of the morning), and the upper rooms tower above the clouds. Excavations have revealed eleven monasteries (also known as vihara) and six major brick temples arranged in an ordered layout. Nalanda University is located in Bihar. This corroborates Dharmasvamin account of the destruction. [116], The Archaeological Survey of India maintains a museum near the ruins for the benefit of visitors. Nalanda was destroyed three times but was rebuilt only twice. In the next period of Indian history, the. Then they ordered the officer, Vihrapla, to circulate and report the matter to the resident monks one by one with folded hands. He also states that some structures had survived, with "eighty small viharas, built of bricks and many left undamaged" but "there was absolutely no one to look after them". Murnavarman constructed an 24-metre-high (80ft) brass image of Buddha. Yet, the proposal was as at once futuristic, for the ideals and standards of the ancient seat of learning have proven to be universal in their relevance as well as utility. As the hallmarks of the ancient Nalanda were its diversity, a knowledge ecosystem thriving on shared creation of new knowledge and an international outlook, these remain as the essence of the new Nalanda University as well. [98] Others state that a southern king built thousands of monasteries and temples again, Muslim robbers murdered this king, thereafter Nalanda was repaired by Mudita Bhadra and a minister named Kukutasiddha erected a temple there. [94][95] Another Tibetan source is that of Lama Taranatha, but this is from the late 16th century, and it is unclear what its sources were. The succeeding Gupta Emperors promptly invested in the religious and epistemic growth of the university. The Nalanda archaeological site is spread over a large area to the northwest of Bargaon (Nalanda) village, and is between the historical manmade lakes Gidhi, Panashokar and Indrapuskarani. [144], Several Buddhist institutions overseas have chosen to call themselves Nalanda to acknowledge Nalanda's influence. Buddhist students coveted to attain. It was established by an Act of Parliament to emulate the famous ancient university of Nalanda, which functioned between the 5th and 13th centuries. [116], While its excavated ruins today only occupy an area of around 488 metres (1,600ft) by 244 metres (800ft) or roughly 12 hectares, Nalanda Mahavihara occupied a far greater area in medieval times. It was a Buddhist center of learning. [14] Today, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It stands for a university which attracted students and scholars from across Asia and even farther away. To reproduce the universitys legacy, dynastic Pala rulers financed Vikramshila and Taxila, the new knockoffs of Nalanda, and urged the monks and potential student crowd to transfer there. Nalanda University ruins. A 10th-century stone inscription notes a destruction by fire and subsequent restoration at the Mahavihara during the reign of, Matthew Kapstein (1990), Mahamudra: The Quintessence of Mind and Meditation Review, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Vol 13, Number 1, pp. Its strategic position means that it would have been the first thing that drew the eye when entering the edifice. The greater number of the inhabitants of that place were Brahmans, and the whole of those Brahmans had their heads shaven; and they were all slain. The center of learning provided a mixture of courses in medicine, arts, philosophies, and religious studies; the list included specialties in. [28] Early Buddhist texts state that Buddha visited a town near Rajagriha called Nalanda on his preregrinations. Nalanda University only offers Masters, Doctorate and Post Graduate Diploma programs to the students. The fear of persecution was strong in the 1230s, and his colleagues dissuaded him from going to Magadha. The image's pedestal features fragments of the only surviving exhibit of mural painting at Nalanda.[160]. [8] According to Scharfe, though the Buddhist and Jaina texts generate problems with place identification, it is "virtually certain" that the modern Nalanda is near or the site these texts are referring to. To the east of Temple 2, lie the remains of Sarai Temple in the recently excavated Sarai Mound. [156] According to Win Maung, the stupa was influenced by Gupta architecture, which itself had Kushana era influences. The Srivijaya kingdom of southeast Asia maintained a direct contact with Nalanda and the Palas, thus influencing the 9th to 12th century art in Sumatra, Java, southern Thailand and regions that actively traded with the Srivijaya kingdom. [53], In the detailed account of his stay at Nalanda, the pilgrim describes the view out of the window of his quarters thus,[54]. However, archaeological excavations so far have not yielded any monuments from Ashoka period or from another 600 years after his death. 8th cent CE, basalt slab found in monastery 1. Nalanda University boasted a campus with 9 million books and architecture so vast, it took 3 months to burn down completely. The gold found during his loots and raids of the Buddhist monasteries made him a hundred times richer. [60] According to him, Nalanda monastery has numerous daily Nikaya procedures and rules for the monks. Nalanda remained a central place for the study of epistemology . After mid-20th century, the Korean pilgrim journeys have come to light. It was after Sambhota's first return from Nalanda that the Tibetan king adopted Buddhism and committed to making it the religion of his people. Therefore, the monks took to learning so that they might practice it and realise Dhamma perfectly and thereby enrich the masses. Other subjects believed to have been taught at Nalanda include law, astronomy, and city-planning. At its peak, in the 7th century AD, Nalanda held some 10,000 students and 2000 teachers when it was visited by the Chinese scholar Xuanzang. This option is incorrect. [67] Nalanda continued to get support from the Palas, but they subscribed to Vajrayana Buddhism and they were prolific builders of new monasteries on Vajrayana mandala ideas such as those at Jagaddala, Odantapura, Somapura, and Vikramashila. In its mature years, Nalanda was recognised as a world-famous university with all sorts of amenities comprising 2000 teachers and 10,000 students. [62][63], In and after the 7th century, Tibetan monks such as Thonmi Sambhota came to Nalanda and other Indian monasteries to study, not only Buddhism, but Sanskrit language, grammar and other subjects. Alexander Cunningham and the newly formed Archaeological Survey of India conducted an official survey in 18611862. Combined with a lack of any archaeological discoveries of pre-400 CE monuments in Nalanda, the silence in Faxian's memoir suggests that Nalanda monastery-university did not exist around 400 CE. He described the condition in the decades after the sack of Nalanda and other Buddhist monasteries in Magadha-region of India. They gifted the land to Lord Buddha, who preached under a Pvrikmbavana (mango grove of Pavarika) for several years. archeologist David Spooner detailed the discovery of a 24-feet high wall, 600 clay tables, and 211 uniquely carved stone panels surrounding the Baladitya temple, situated in modern-day Bihar. In today's time, Nalanda University is located in Rajgir of Bihar's Nalanda district. However, a thousand years prior to the worldwide colonization of Europeans, Asian centers of learning such as Nalanda Mahavihara of Magadha were renowned for their academic excellence. At the same time, it began its search for a suitable location for the new Nalanda University. During the reign of Gupta monarch Sakraditya (Kumaragupta I), the historic Nalanda University was founded in 427 AD. They wipe their bodies, then wrap this 5 foot long and 1.5 foot wide sheet around the waist, change their clothes with this wrap in place. Bhagavad Gita, a holy script of Puranic Brahmanism, systematically charged at the epistemological learning of Nalanda. The Nalanda University was founded by which Gupta ruler mentioned as Shakraditya? [99][100][note 2][note 3], Johan Elverskog a scholar of religious studies and history, states that it is incorrect to say Nalanda's end was sudden and complete by about 1202, because it continued to have some students well into the 13th century. [35][36] This is corroborated by the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang travelogue. However, considering that these two Mahaviharas were only a few kilometres apart and little qualms about the massacre of clean shaven residents there, it is very likely that Minhaj-i-Siraj summary is not an extensive record and both befell a similar fate. Symbols and panels from the Pala period, discovered by Dr. Spooner in 1915, are conserved at the Nalanda Museum. The architecture of the Buddhist monastic center was similar to our modern university towns, which provide lodging and boarding for their students. [15] Many of the texts composed at Nalanda played an important role in the development of Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism including the Mahavairocana Tantra and the Bodhisattvacaryvatra of Shantideva. All the monasteries at Nalanda are very similar in layout and general appearance. The university was considered an architectural masterpiece and was marked by a lofty wall and one gate. They were designed with towers, panels, and votive. Shantarakshita, who pioneered the propagation of Buddhism in Tibet in the 8th century was a scholar of Nalanda. However, under the Palas, the traditional Mahayana Buddhism of Nalanda that inspired East Asian pilgrims such as Xuanzang was superseded by the then newly emerging Vajrayana tradition, a Tantra-imbibed, eros- and deity-inclusive esoteric version of Buddhism. Initially set up with temporary facilities in Rajgir, a modern campus spanning over 160 hectares (400 acres) is expected to be finished by 2020. [68] These competing monasteries, some just a few kilometers away from Nalanda likely drew away a number of learned monks from Nalanda. 7th cent CE, basalt slab, found in Sarai mound. [75] Another Nalanda inscription from the 11th century mentions a gift of "revolving bookcase". [44], After the decline of the Guptas, the most notable patron of the Nalanda Mahavihara was Harsha (known as lditya in some Buddhist records). The invasions of the Turks forced the monks to flee and a century later, scholars described Nalanda to be completely deserted and empty. Nalanda: Transformation of an Idea into Reality in past 4 years under the leadership of Hon'ble Vice Chancellor Prof. Sunaina Singh The Vision statement of the University says: "It (Nalanda University) must be adapted to the rhythm of Nature where it is located and enrich the lives of the people in the neighbourhood. Shruti Angad @shrutiangad1428 3 days ago. The 12th descendant of the Guptas, Narasimha Gupta Baladitya (470-535 AD) erected a ninety-one-meter vihara around the statue of Buddha. When shes not busy typing at the rate of sixty words per minute, you can find her lazing around and hopelessly devouring historical romance dramas. [36] The liberal cultural traditions inherited from the Gupta age resulted in a period of growth and prosperity until the ninth century CE. 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