Vitamin D supplementation had no effect on the incidence rate of myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure, arrhythmia, arteriosclerosis, stroke, venous thrombosis, or death from CVD. Food Vitamin D status and supplementation before and after bariatric surgery: A comprehensive literature review. Season, time of day, length of day, cloud cover, smog, skin melanin content, and sunscreen are among the factors that affect UV radiation exposure and vitamin D synthesis. One systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 randomized, controlled trials published through 2018 of vitamin D supplementation alone (1020 mcg [400800 IU]/day or more at least every week or as rarely as once a year) for 9 months to 5 years found that the supplements provided no protection from fractures in 34,243 older adults [81]. Osteoporos Int 2018;29:1697-1711. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23:1484-93. However, some groups might need dietary supplements to meet their vitamin D requirements. Various expert groupsincluding the American Association of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The Obesity Society, and the British Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Societyhave developed guidelines on vitamin D screening, monitoring, and replacement before and after bariatric surgery [66,68]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, issue 9, Art. In a subsequent investigation for 4.9 years after the study's end, women who had taken the vitamin D and calcium supplements (many of whom continued to take them) had an 18% lower risk of in situ (noninvasive) breast cancer [100]. Type B UV (UVB) radiation with a wavelength of approximately 290320 nanometers penetrates uncovered skin and converts cutaneous 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3, which in turn becomes vitamin D3. Bone is constantly being remodeled. romanov fortune in swiss banks. In addition, studies provided different amounts of nutrients and used different dosing schedules. No studies have examined whether such screening for vitamin D deficiency results in improved health outcomes [55]. Effect of long-term vitamin D3 supplementation vs placebo on risk of depression or clinically relevant depressive symptoms and on change in mood scores: A randomized clinical trial. Depression Vitamin D helps you absorb calcium and phosphate from food. [, Taylor CL, Roseland JM, Coates PM, Pehrsson PR. uss canberra crew list. Observational studies support an association between higher serum 25(OH)D levels and a lower risk of CVD incidence and mortality. Cancer Res 2019;79:274-85. BMC Proceedings, 2018;12(Suppl 6):6. 09-E015. Some vitamin D3 is also converted to nonactive forms [1]. Vitamin D supplementation reduced cancer mortality rates by 13%, and most of the benefit occurred with daily supplementation. Vitamin D toxicity, otherwise known as hypervitaminosis D, can result in dehydration, fatigue, muscle weakness, vomiting, and calcification of tissues (68, 69). Most trials of the effects of vitamin D supplements on bone health also included calcium supplements, so isolating the effects of each nutrient is difficult. Toxicity of vitamin D leads to hypercalcemia and imbalance in the regulation of bone metabolism; the resultant hypercalcemia leads to clinical manifestations and symptoms of toxicity. : CD008422. Vitamin D. In: Erdman JW, Macdonald IA, Zeisel SH, eds. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [, Keum N, Lee DH, Greenwood DC, Manson JE, Giovannucci E. Vitamin D supplementation and total cancer incidence and mortality: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. It may help prevent depression, inflammatory disease, and heart disorders. Because endogenous vitamin D is derived from cholesterol, statins may also reduce vitamin D synthesis [167]. In addition, although 25(OH)D levels rise in response to increased vitamin D intake, the relationship is nonlinear [1]. Taylor CL, Sempos CT, Davis CD, Brannon PM. In a meta-analysis of 16 prospective cohort studies in a total of 137,567 participants who had 8,345 diagnoses of cancer, 5,755 participants died from cancer [88]. Dietary supplements JAMA 2018;319:1592-9. Some people take very high doses of vitamin D supplements. However, a meta-analysis of 12 vitamin D supplementation trials (including 5 in which body composition measurements were primary outcomes) found that vitamin D supplements without calorie restriction did not affect body weight or fat mass when the results were compared with those of placebo [154]. The FNB committee that established DRIs for vitamin D found that the evidence was inadequate or too contradictory to conclude that the vitamin had any effect on a long list of potential health outcomes (e.g., on resistance to chronic diseases or functional measures), except for measures related to bone health. Vitamin D helps regulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (and thereby blood pressure), vascular cell growth, and inflammatory and fibrotic pathways [118]. doi: 10.3390/nu10040493. Screening for vitamin deficiency in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. [, Malihi Z, Lawes CMM, Wu Z, Huang Y, Waayer D, Toop L, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:1132-41. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1563-5. [, Sintzel MB, Rametta M, Reder AT. Adequate Intake (AI): Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA. The significance of vitamin D status in breast cancer: A state of the science review. Vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997;21:S24-30. Vitamin D assays and the definition of hypovitaminosis D. Results from the First International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018;84:2194-207. One clinical trial randomized 260 Black women aged 60 years and older (mean age 68.2 years) to receive 60 to 120 mcg (2,400 to 4,800 IU) per day vitamin D3 supplementation to maintain serum 25(OH)D levels above 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL) for 3 years [84]. The 'sunshine vitamin': benefits beyond bone? Older women and men should consult their health care providers about their needs for both nutrients as part of an overall plan to maintain bone health and to prevent or treat osteoporosis. Orlistat Hazards of treating osteoporosis and hypertension concurrently with calcium, vitamin D, and distal diuretics. [, de Koning EJ, Lips P, Penninx BWJH, Elders PJM, Heijboer AC, den Heijer M, et al. J Midwifery Womens Health 2019;64:276-88. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:4845-51. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 2012;79:2140-5. 6.Mushrooms. [, Rajakumar K. Vitamin D, cod-liver oil, sunlight, and rickets: A historical perspective. Older adults are at increased risk of developing vitamin D insufficiency, partly because the skin's ability to synthesize vitamin D declines with age [1,61]. Am J Clin Nutr 2019;110:1119-30. N Engl J Med 2007;357:266-81. Ready-to-eat breakfast cereals often contain added vitamin D, as do some brands of orange juice, yogurt, margarine, and other food products. In the 54 participants who completed the study, vitamin D supplementation did not improve insulin sensitivity or insulin secretion in comparison with placebo. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on musculoskeletal health: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis. Vitamin D alone did not significantly affect the development of new serrated polyps, but the combination of vitamin D with calcium increased the risk almost fourfold. [, Anglin RES, Samaan Z, Walter SD, McDonald SD. One nmol/L is equal to 0.4 ng/mL, and 1 ng/mL is equal to 2.5 nmol/L. [, Golzarand M, Shab-Bidar S, Koochakpoor G, Speakman JR, Djafarian K. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on blood pressure in adults: An updated meta-analysis. However, women with vitamin D intakes higher than 15 mcg (600 IU)/day at the start of the trial and who received the supplements experienced a 28% increased risk of invasive (but not in situ) breast cancer. Some people are potentially at risk of inadequacy at 30 to 50 nmol/L (1220 ng/mL). Animal-based foods typically provide some vitamin D in the form of 25(OH)D in addition to vitamin D3. For many people, consuming vitamin D-fortified foods and exposing themselves to some sunlight are essential for maintaining a healthy vitamin D status. Paediatr Int Child Health 2017;37:84-98. JAMA Network Open 2019;2(12):e1917789. However, because research has been conducted on vitamin D and numerous health outcomes, this section focuses on seven diseases, conditions, and interventions in which vitamin D might be involved: bone health and osteoporosis, cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), depression, multiple sclerosis (MS), type 2 diabetes, and weight loss. Nutrients 2018; 10, 277;doi:10.3390/nu10030277. and some exceptional products like: Butterfat Keto, Advanced Collagen and Altrient C, Neutrient put a group of #CForYourself volunteers onto the 5C Reset and achieved outstanding results. Washington DC: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. However, because the extent and frequency of sunscreen use are unknown, the role that sunscreen may play in reducing vitamin D synthesis is unclear [1]. Similarly, in a review of data from nearly 250 studies published between 2009 and 2013, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality concluded that no relationship could be firmly established between vitamin D and health outcomes other than bone health [69]. Thiazide diuretics Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The human body produces vitamin D as a response to sun exposure. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: Controversy unresolved. [, Gowda U, Mutowo MP, Smith BJ, Wluka AE, Renzaho AMN. BMC Public Health 2017;17:519. International Journal of Epidemiology 2019;48:1416-24. June 2014. Overall, clinical trials show that vitamin D supplementation does not reduce CVD risk, even for people with low 25(OH)D status (below 20 nmol/L [12 ng/mL]) at baseline [93,124]. It's also termed hypervitaminosis D. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin. Assessing the vitamin D status of the US population. Trends in use of high-dose vitamin D supplements exceeding 1000 or 4000 International Units daily, 1999-2014. [, Earthman CP, Beckman LM, Masodkar K, Sibley SD. You get vitamin D from food, supplements, and sunshine. CMAJ 2007;177:161-6. [, McCullough ML, Zoltick ES, Weinstein SJ, Fedirko V, Wang M, Cook NR, et al. JAMA 2018;319:1600-12. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101:394-415. [, Dibaba DT. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation and increased risk of serrated polyps: Results from a randomised clinical trial. A 50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL) increase in 25(OH)D levels was associated with an 11% reduction in total cancer incidence rates and, in women but not men, a 24% reduction in cancer mortality rates. Individuals with obesity who have undergone gastric bypass surgery can also become vitamin D deficient. [, Helzlsouer KJ for the VDPP Steering Committee. [, McDuffie JR, Calis KA, Booth SL, Uwaifo GI, Yanovski JA. Most participants were vitamin D sufficient; at baseline, only 2.4% had serum 25(OH)D levels less than 30 nmol/L (12 ng/mL), and 12.9% less than 50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL). Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that's involved in many essential body functions. 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and risk of MS among women in the Finnish Maternity Cohort. Treatment with vitamin D and calcium reduces bone loss after renal transplantation: a randomized study. PMID: 31504098 [, Okereke OI, Reynolds III CF, Mischoulon D, Chang G, Vyas CM, Cook NR, et al. 1000 mg (a standard dosage for a single vitamin C pill) is a lethal dose for the average person. Screening for vitamin D status is becoming a more common part of the routine laboratory bloodwork ordered by primary-care physicians, irrespective of any indications for this practice [6,52-54]. However, the evidence on the impact of vitamin D and calcium supplements on fractures in community-dwelling individuals is inconsistent. This U-shaped association was most pronounced for men with the most aggressive forms of prostate cancer. Conclusions about vitamin D and cancer Questions about vitamin D for primary care practice: Input from an NIH conference. JAMA 2017;317:2448-50. A few studies have examined the effect of vitamin D supplementation on specific cancers. [, Ford JA, MacLennan GS, Avenell A, Bolland M, Grey A, Witham M. Cardiovascular disease and vitamin D supplementation: Trial analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis. RDAs for vitamin D are listed in both micrograms (mcg) and international units (IU); 1 mcg vitamin D is equal to 40 IU (Table 2). Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. However, more than 20 mcg (800 IU)/day vitamin D3, when taken with calcium supplements, significantly increased blood pressure in participants with overweight and obesity. Lancet Diabetes-Endocrinol 2014;2:719-29. [, Quesada-Gomez JM, Bouillon R. Is calcifediol better than cholecalciferol for vitamin D supplementation? Ann Oncol 2018;29:1468-75. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. In 1935, the chemical structure of vitamin D 3 was defined and shown to result from the ultraviolet irradiation . Their skin probably synthesizes some vitamin D, even with typically applied sunscreen amounts [1,28]. The United States mandates the fortification of infant formula with 12.5 mcg/100 kcal (40100 IU) vitamin D; 12 mcg/100 kcal (4080 IU) is the required amount in Canada [1]. [, Gotfredsen A, Westergren Hendel H, Andersen T. Influence of orlistat on bone turnover and body composition. Silva MC, Furlanetto TW. Ann Intern Med 2014;160:810-1. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 weight-loss intervention studies that used caloric restriction, exercise, or both, but not necessarily vitamin D supplementation or other treatments, found that people who lost weight had significantly greater increases in serum 25(OH)D levels than those who maintained their weight [152]. The factors that affect UV radiation exposure, individual responsiveness, and uncertainties about the amount of sun exposure needed to maintain adequate vitamin D levels make it difficult to provide guidelines on how much sun exposure is required for sufficient vitamin D synthesis [15,28]. Join the ODS Email List. Researchers have not definitively identified serum concentrations of 25(OH)D associated with deficiency (e.g., rickets), adequacy for bone health, and overall health. Evidence Synthesis Number 118. Breastfed infants Kirkland Signature Vitamin D3, 1000 IU, 2-packs. Public Health Nutrition 2020;23:1153-64. J Nutr 2018;148:712-20. Lung cancer Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D are reported in both nanomoles per liter (nmol/L) and nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). One reason is that sun exposure affects vitamin D status, so serum 25(OH)D levels are usually higher than would be predicted on the basis of vitamin D dietary intakes alone [1]. A prospective nested case-control study of vitamin D status and pancreatic cancer risk in male smokers. Without sufficient vitamin D, bones can become thin, brittle, or misshapen. An animal-free version of vitamin D3 sourced from lichen is also available [32]. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is found in some animal food products and is also synthesized in the human body via exposure to the sun. Pediatrics 2020;145:e20193574. What constituted a "higher" level varied by study but was typically at least 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL). Eggs. - Vitamin D is made in the body when your skin absorbs ultraviolet light, but most people don't get enough sunlight to reach adequate levels Obes Rev 2014;15:528-37. Add. One study included 1,119 men treated for prostate cancer whose plasma 25(OH)D levels were measured 4.9 to 8.6 years after their diagnosis. This damage hinders or blocks messages between the brain and body, leading to clinical features, such as vision loss, motor weakness, spasticity, ataxia, tremor, sensory loss, and cognitive impairment [136,137]. Mushrooms are one of the best plant-based dietary sources of vitamin D outside of fortified milk alternatives. Increasing incidence of nutritional rickets: A population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. For infants, the FNB committee developed AIs based on the amount of vitamin D that maintains serum 25(OH)D levels above 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L) and supports bone development. A fat-soluble vitamin that & # x27 ; s involved in many essential body.... 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